BioMedical Research in Medicine (BMR Medicine) (ISSN 2349-0756)
BioMedical Research in Medicine (BMR Medicine) (ISSN 2349-0756) is an indexed journal, committed to advancing the biomedical research. With a focus on promoting innovation and enhancing medical knowledge, the journal serves as a dynamic platform for the publication of high-quality research spanning diverse disciplines in biomedicine. BMR Medicine aspires to bridge the critical gap between foundational scientific discoveries and their application in clinical practice, promoting a translational approach that drives improved healthcare outcomes. By providing a forum for groundbreaking studies and novel insights, the journal aims to catalyze progress in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic strategies, contributing to the global advancement of medical science and patient care. Area of Publication: Medicine: Anaesthesiology, , Biochemistry, Blood Banking & Immunohaematology, Community Medicine, Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Forensic Medicine, General Medicine, Geriatrics, Hospital Administration, Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Microbiology, Nuclear Medicine, Paediatrics, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Physiology, Psychiatry, Radio Diagnosis, Radiotherapy, Respiratory Medicine, Sports Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, ENT (Otorhinolaryngology), Aviation Medicine, and all other relevant areas. Surgery: General Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, Orthopaedics, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Genitourinary Surgery, Gynaecological Oncology, Hand Surgery, Head & Neck Surgery, Neuro Surgery, Oncosurgery, Paediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Reproductive Medicine, Surgical Oncology, Thoracic Surgery, Urology, Vascular Surgery, and all other relevant areas.
Unusual Presentation of Hypocalcemic Seizures ina Breast Fed Infant
Hereby is a 2 month old exclusive breast fed infant presented in status epilepticus condition, with cluster of attacks. Child was diagnosed to have hypocalcemia with background of normal parathyroid and vitamin D levels. We hereby report this case because of its unusual presentation of infantile hypocalcemic seizures in an exclusively breast fed infant.
Copyright (c) 2024 BioMedical Research in Medicine (BMR Medicine) (ISSN 2349-0756)
ADOLESCENT WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS WITHCAVITATORY PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a major public health problem globally and there is a relative paucity of data on the clinical course of TB in immunosupressed adolescents. We report a case of cavitatory pulmonary tuberculosis in a diabetic adolescent. Although cavitatory lung lesions being not so common in pediatric age group. Co-existense of Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis emphasizes the need for intensive screening for tuberculosis in Type 1 DM children.
EVALUATION OF FAMILIAL ORAL LICHEN PLANUS : PRESENTATION OF 3 FAMILIES
Lichen planus (LP) is a relatively common disorder of the stratified squamous epithelia, which is, in many ways, an enigma. Lichen planus is probably of multi-factorial origin, sometimes induced by drugs or dental materials, often idiopathic, and with an immune-pathogenesis involving T-cells in particular. The occurrence of OLP appears to be complex, with interactions between and among genetic, environmental, and even lifestyle factors. Familial occurrence of alo has always been a debated topic with a limited literature available to support the relevance. In this case report series a total of 112 OLP cases were examined, out of which 3 families with a total of 7 patients were found to be having the familial correlation. The main objective of this paper is to present a case report series of 7 patients based on their familial correlation.
Introduction: Pena-Shokeir syndrome (fetal akinesia deformation sequence, FADS) is an autosomal recessivelethal disorder characterized by combination of abnormal limb position, facial anomalies (micrognathia), camptodactyly, restrictive fetal movement with reduced or absent response to acoustic stimulation, growth restriction, polyhydramnios, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Limb defects like rocker bottom foot and clubfoot are other prominents of the syndrome. Case report: Obstetric ultrasonographic examination of a 24-year-old pregnant woman, consanguineous with her husband, revealed a single female fetus with contractures of the lower limbs, persistent flexion of the bilateral wrist, elbow joints and the knee joints consistent with Pena Shokeir syndrome phenotype. The parents were informed about the diagnosis and its poor prognosis. Fetus had no viability, therefore the termination of the pregnancy was offered to the parents and they accepted. We report the prenatal ultrasonographic and postnatal clinical findings suggestive of Pena-Shokeir syndrome case. Conclusion: Pena–Shokeir syndrome is a potentially lethal condition and most cases are diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound.
Histopathological study of benign lesions oflarge intestine – A cross sectional study
The present study was conducted at Department of Pathology J.N. Medical College, Belgaum. The present study reveals that the lesions of large intestine predominantly occur in the age group of 30 – 60 years. Majority of the lesions are found in males. Thus the distribution of lesions of large intestine according to age and sex and histopathological study helps us for early diagnosis, for appropriate treatment, for preventing complications and prognosis which in turn reduces mortality. The present study was conducted at Department of Pathology J.N. Medical College, Belgaum. The present study reveals that the lesions of large intestine predominantly occur in the age group of 30 – 60 years. Majority of the lesions are found in males. Thus the distribution of lesions of large intestine according to age and sex and histopathological study helps us for early diagnosis, for appropriate treatment, for preventing complications and prognosis which in turn reduces mortality
Trigeminal Neuralgia with respect– Electrophysiological and MagneticResonance Image
With more and more advances in the field of electrophysiological studies and techniques, with improvised and advanced neuroimaging techniques, the diagnostic accuracy has increased over the years. Although satisfactory treatment of this condition is still to come, pharmacotheurapcitics and drug trails are ongoing for the search of novel drugs for better control of symptoms. In the last few decades, surgery either external or percutanous procedures has provided a number of treatment options in terms of cost effectiveness, minimal invasiveness and morbidity. Maxillary and mandibular divisions were more frequently involved with higher incidence of left side involvement. 45.1% reported definite triggering factor/factors with tactile stimulus and cold face wash being the common triggering factors. 83.8% complained symptoms as electric shock like sensation followed by intense stabbing / pricking and burning pain in 70.9% and 67.0% respectively. Latencies of blink reflex were absent or prolonged in 41.9% of patients. 80% of patients with abnormal blink reflex had abnormalities in MRI too which was statistically significant (P=0.007). Severity of pain did not correlate with either MRI or EPS (P>0.05)
Study of Lichen Planus and its different types andassociated conditions
Lichen planus is associated with significant morbidity because of the severe itching that most of the patients suffer from and also due to post-inflammatory pigmentation seen at the site of lesions that is quite resistant to treatment. Even though lichen planus has been described as self-limiting disease, it has been shown that the recurrences in the disease are quite common. Another cause of concern is the development of squamous cell carcinoma in few cases of oral lichen planus and hypertrophic lichen planus. Objectives of the study are; 1. To study different clinical types of lichen planus. 2. To study association of lichen planus with other diseases 3. To study histological features in different clinical types of lichen planus After taking history, a thorough general physical examination was done to look for any other associated abnormalities. Systemic examination was done in all cases to look for any systemic abnormalities which were noted. Cutaneous examination was done with regard to the morphology of the lesions, configuration of the lesions, distribution of the lesions, presence or absence of Koebner’s phenomenon. Oral mucosa, genital mucous membrane & nails were examined to look for any associated lesions. In our study no association of lichen planus was seen with hepatitis C, hepatitis B and liver abnormalities. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were common associated systemic disease, while alopecia areata and vitiligo were associated cutaneous disorders.
Lichen planus constitutes about 1% of the patients in dermatology OPD. Lichen planus is prevalent all over world with varying incidence. It affects all races and is concentrated in the age group between 30-70 years. Childhood lichen planus is relatively rare with 2-3% of all lichen planus cases occurring below the age of 20 years. The incidence as well as clinical type of lichen planus changes according to geographical areas. The objectives of this study are; To calculate incidence of lichen planus among patients attending skin OPD. To study age and sex distribution of lichen planus. To study distribution of lichen planus on different parts of body. The study was conducted in the out patient department of Dermatology and Venereology at Image hospitals, Ameerpet, Hyderabad on patients with lichen planus. The duration of the study period was from March 2007 to February 2008. A prospective study was conducted over a period of 1 year with all the new patients with a clinical diagnosis of lichen planus being included in the study. 1. Incidence of lichen planus in our study was 1.13% among the new patients attending skin OPD. 2. Lichen planus is mainly a disease of middle age with most of the cases in 20 to 39 years age group, paediatric cases are seen rarely. Lichen planus appears to be slightly more common among females. 3. Lichen planus is pruritic in most of the cases but in few cases there may be no symptoms
Fracture shaft of the humerus is a major injury commonly resulting from Road Traffic Accident. It is associated with multiple fractures because of high velocity trauma of R T A. Although the close reduction is ideal, the O.R. + I.F. with plating is treatment of choice in certain indications. The DCP plating has an advantage over the ASIF type of plates in securing rigid fixation and early mobilisation with out any external splintage. Full attention to the training and familiarity with the proposed procedure will yield good operative results. Poor technique of fixation often results in poor results. The complication of infection can be prevented with aseptic precautions, pre-op preparation, pre-per and post-op antibiotics and above all meticulous dissection and minimum soft tissue damage. Early mobility of the limb is responsible for excellent results and is good for fracture and joints and for the patient. Early return to the jobs thus saves the patients from economic setbacks is possible by stable fixation which result in early healing. Exploration of radial nerve in cases with radial N. palsy, for relieving compression and neurolysis has certainly helped in early recovery. One of the aim in the management of patient with multiple injuries is to achieve an upright position with painfree extremities. The early plating of humeral shaft fracture help to attain this goal and prevents "Fracture disease" by allowing early mobilisation
Long Bone Metastasis in a Case of Medulloblastoma - Arare case report
We reported a case of medulloblastoma with upper end of tibia and lower end of femur metastasis. This was treated with CSI (craniospinal irradiation) two years back. After two year of follow-up he presented with pain over knee joint which was confirmed as metastasis to lower end of femur and upper end of tibia and then treated with palliative radiotherapy. Patient brain MRI shows thalamus mass suggestive of metastasis which was treated with palliative chemotherapy. Our case is unique in presentation because it presented with long bone metastasis
Stature is important parameter of personal identification of individual there are many studies conducted along with others parameters such as age, sex, race, etc. This study was done to estimate the stature of an individual by the length of femur. It was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine of Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur. A total of 160 cases out of which 80 males and 80 females were studied. The results of present study showed that there was a definite relationship between the length of femur and cadaveric length. It was also clear from this study that prediction of stature is also influenced by sex and racial factor. This study indicates that all the segments of femur have a definite relation with the cadaveric length.
Death due to Poisoning with special reference toinsecticide
Insecticide poisoning is a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing nations, its usage has increased in recent and past thus increased even its misuse to commit suicide. This retrospective study was carried out at department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Al Ameen Medical college, Bijapur,India with the insecticide poisoning cases from the year of 2009 and 2013. . During this study period a total 5742 Medico legal autopsies were conducted, amongst them poisoning cases constitutes 744 cases, out of these 186 other poisoning cases, 558 cases were due to fatal insecticide poisoning. Males were outnumbered with 340 cases and females were 218 cases. More number of the cases were found in the age group of 21–30 years 164 followed by 31-40 years 136. Most victims were from rural area, married population outnumbering the married. There are 424 victims were from rural area while 134 were from urban area and 446 were married, 112 were unmarried.
Pattern of Head Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents
Road traffic accidents are one of the major causes of morbidity & mortality especially in developing countries including India. Craniofacial injuries are the most common injuries found in fatal road traffic accidents. The objective of present study was to analyze the pattern of craniofacial injuries in these fatal accidents. The study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Al - Ameen Medical College, Bijapur during the period of January 2010 to December 2012. During this period 196 victims of fatal road traffic accident were autopsied. In the present study the male ratio was more compared to female. Most of the victims in the present study belonged to the age group of 21 to 30 years. Mechanized four wheelers were the commonest offending vehicle. Most of the death occurred in the month of November during office hours. Most common intracranial hemorrhage was Sub dural hemorahage and fissured fracture of the skull bone was the commonest fracture found
Determination of Age 18 Years by Radiological( X Ray) examination in Boys of Sangli
The present study is carried out in Sangli, Maharastra in India who visited hospital either as a patient or accompanied the patients. The consent of the Parents and the individual was obtained after explaining them the objectives of the study. X ray were obtained he method of classification was categorizes in 5 stages based on the standard protocol prescribed. The union of head of Humerus with the shaft occurs between 18 to 19.5 years. The fusion of lower end of Ulna with shaft is complete by 18 to 19 years. The fusion of lower end of Radius has occurred 19 to 19.5 years. Where as lower end of Ulna 0.5 year earlier than the lower end of Radius in same individuals. Complete union of epiphysis of acromion of scapula occurs by 18 to 18.5 Years.
The objectives of the study is; cognitive dysfunctions between the essential hypertensive. 50 hypertensives were taken for the study, assessed and analyzed. The samples were matched for age, sex, education and socio-economic status. The tools used were socio-demographic data and clinical proforma, SMMSE (Standardized Mini Mental Status Examination) scale and BCRS (Brief Cognitive Rating Scale). They’re very significant cognitive deficits measured by SMMSE on orientation and constructional ability and in BCRS it was in orientation only. The overall cognitive decline on both SMMSE and BCRS scores were very highly significant, thus signifying a global cognitive decline.
Health Profile of Workers Engaged in Stone CrushingUnits Surrounding, Gulbarga City
A cross sectional study was conducted among workers in 16 stone crushing units to know the health status and various factors influencing on health numbering 150. Out of 150 workers 13.33% were below 25 years and none were above 55 years. In the present study 63.33% workers were illiterates. 80% workers were married and 20% were unmarried. In the present study 84% workers had an exposure of dust for less than 5 years. Major morbidities among the workers with PEFR<400L/min were cough (72.55%), musculoskeletal disorders (60.78%), breathlessness (40.05%), chest pain (39.22%) and skin disorders (39.22%), Major morbidity amongst workers with PEFR (400-600L/min) were cough, (45.33%), musculoskeletal disorders (38%), and breathlessness (26%). There was no association between education status and morbidity.Smokers had PEFR<400L/min. In the present study there was highly significant association between lung function parameters (PEFR) and age. In the present study lung function parameter was related to duration of exposure, which was highly significant. In the present study there was association between Hb% and lung parameter (PEFR). (I.e. lower the Hb% lowers the PEFR). In thepresent study 54.90% (28) had no respiratory morbidity but PEFR was less than 400L/min.
Surgical management of distal third Femoralfractures using retrograde nail
Background and objectives: Distal third femur fractures are often difficult to treat and they are notorious. For many complications like knee stiffness, quadricep wasting, knee instability, malunion, non-union, joint incongruity, shortening, prolonged bed-rest and post-traumatic osteoarthritis after treated conservatively. Intramedullary retrograde nailing reduces the tendency of varus movement at fracture site and bending movement substantially reduced. Failure of fixation in osteoporteic bone should be less. Retrograde supracondylar nail has got advantages of preservation of fracture hematoma, decreased blood loss, minimal soft tissue dissection and other complications like knee-stiffness, less operative time and reduced rate of infection, mal union, non-union, quadricep wasting, prolonged bed rest. Objectives of this study is to evaluate the results of supracondylar femur fracture treated by open/ closed reduction and internal fixation using retrograde intramedullary supracondylar nail in respect of knee-flexion, early weight bearing and return to pre-fracture state of patient. Methods: 25 patients with supracondylar femur fracture were studied . RIS nail was inserted through intercondylar notch. These nails have advantage of being load shearing devices, requiring little soft tissue dissection, infrequently needing bone grafting and technically easier. Preserving fracture hematoma, decreased blood loss, less operative time and decreased infection. Results: In 25 patients, male predominate (88%)in this study. RTA was the chief cause of fracture. Surgery were performed within 6.92 days average, There were 7 open of which 5 gustilo type 2 , 2 gustilo type3 and 18 closed type of fracture radiological union was possible in 16.16 weeks. Average patient was followed up for 11.48 months. Average knee flexion of 100°. There were 8knee pain, 4 shortening,3 with protruding nail into knee joint,1delayed union,2 superficial infection. Using Neer’s scoring system there were 56% excellent,16% good, 24% fair, 1% poor results. Interpretation and Conclusion: Retrograde intramedullary nailing is a good fixation system for supracondylar femur fractures with less operative time and blood loss. By closed reduction, not disturbing fracture hematoma and even in open reduction less soft tissue dissection and thus reducing complications like infection, stiffness, distal screw related local symptom is a common problem and is related to implant and technique and has a definite learning curve. Utmost aseptic precautiongreat care required to prevent infection. Non-requirement of bone graft decreases the morbidity. Early surgery, closed reduction, at least two screws in each fragment and early post operative knee mobilization are essential for good union and good knee range of motion.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using Neural Network Approach
Background: Breast cancer is one of the fatal disorders causing death in people and second most common reason of mortality (death rate) in women. Early detection of cancer, which usually results in reducing the extent of damage, less extensive treatment and better outcomes. In this paper, we present an artificial neural network inspired from biological neural network which is used for pattern classification of benign and malignant cells Methods: A feed forward neural network model with back propagation learning algorithm for training the neural network using breast cancer database is simulated with all the variable network constraints to make it efficient, robust and fault tolerated pattern classifier. Results: The viability of this approach is demonstrated for classification with predictive success of 96.34% with 99.41% sensitivity to malignancy. Hence, it will probably enhance the decision on classifying the malignant cells. Conclusions: Despite the fact, not all general hospitals have the mammogram facilities the neural network prediction model can increase the rate of diagnosis for breast cancer. This scheme can be used as an auxiliary tool to differentiate between benign and malignant breast cancers.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC) COUNTAND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) WITH ANGIOGRAPHICSEVERITY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITHACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Background: Inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and systemic blood markers of inflammation like white blood cell count and C-reactive protein have emerged as powerful predictor of coronary events. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between baseline white blood cell count and C-reactive protein with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to identify those subsets of patients with acute coronary syndrome who may need to undergo invasive strategy. Method: A total of 100 patients with acute coronary syndrome including unstable angina, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction (not thrombolysed ) were evaluated in Department of Cardiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur , Rajasthan, India with a aim to correlate baseline white blood cell count and C-reactive protein with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease. Results: This study observed that raised white blood cell count and raised C-reactive protein independently and combination of both raised white blood cell count and CRP were significantly associated with angiographic more severe coronary artery disease in form of multi vessel disease ,high stenosis score, more complex lesions and reduced TIMI flow grading. Conclusion: Raised white blood cell count and C- recactive protein in patient with acute coronary syndrome are associated with angiographic features of severe coronary artery disease. Both these markers can be used as a simpler tool for risk stratification patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Outcome of obstetric patients admitted to the intensivecare unit: a one year retrospective
Aim : To know the causes of ICU admissions of obstetrical and gynecological cases and their outcome in terms of survival and mortality. Materials and methods: Study done retrospectively, in one year duration (June 2013- June 2014) among the ICU admissions of Banaras Hindu University, tertiary care centre. Total no. admitted 117 in one year duration from obstetrics and gynecology department .Among these 104 cases were obstetrical and 6 cases gynecological. Results: Among 117 patients admitted in ICU 84 (71.7%) were age group between 20 to 30 yrs. Most common cause of admission among obstetrical cases was pregnancy associated hypertension 23 (19.6%). Maternal mortality of ICU admissions were 40(34.1%) and patient survived 70 (59.8%). Conclusions: Pregnancy induced hypertension and hemorrhage including antepartum and postpartum, these are major cause of maternal mortality in our country. Although mortality is 34.1% among ICU admissions but 59.8% patients could be survived. This study is indicating, there is need of strong applications of health care delivery system at rural and urban population by which obstetrical complications can be reduced.
Histopathological Spectrum of Endometrium in DysfuctionalUterine Bleeding With Respect to Age, Parity and Bleeding Pattern
The largest incidence of DUB is in the women of the childbearing age group and menorrhagia was more common in that age group. It is classified into: Anovulatory (90%) and ovulatory DUB (10%). This study includes 190 cases clinically diagnosed as DUB who are attending OPD or admitted during period of June 2005 to June 2008. Endometrial samples were fixed in 10% formalin and routine processing was done. Paraffin block sections were stained with H&E. The commonest age group was 31-40 years (45.26%) and is seen most commonly in the multiparous women (71.58%). Menorrhagia was the commonest bleeding pattern found in 139 (73.16%) cases. No age was exempted from DUB. Menorrhagia was the commonest bleeding pattern. Endometrial hyperplasia and proliferative endometrium are the commonest endometrial patterns observed.
Microscopic Vision on Leprosy in Northern Karnatak
Leprosy still continues to be a public health problem in India. The cases were selected regardless of their age, sex, religion, occupation and socio economic status. Pathological examination helps in confirming the clinical diagnosis. Clinically exact typing of leprosy is difficult and even slitskin smear yields poor results. Majority of the cases were seen in second and third decade. Patients of both sexes were affected and it was more in males than in females. Patients from different religions were affected among these most of them belonged to Hindu religion.
Maternal Satisfaction and Causes of Dissatisfactionafter Spinal Anesthesia in Caesarean Cases - Survey
Spinal anesthesia is very good for caesarean cases. The study was conducted to know the maternal satisfaction after spinal anesthesia and what are the common causes of dissatisfaction. This was a cross sectional study and total 116 patients were observed for a period of 3 months. A pre-structured questionnaire was filled on first postoperative day. The data recorded about pre-anesthetic counseling done, number of pricks for spinal anesthesia, complications and side effects were noted. Patient satisfaction rate (84.48%) was good with spinal anesthesia but it can be further improved by proper pre-anesthetic counseling and clinical skill of anesthetist and postoperative counseling. The main causes of dissatisfaction were multiple pricks.
A Giant Cystic Hygroma in Adult – A Surgical Challenge
Cystic hygroma is a type of lymphangioma which generally seen in infant. In adults,less than 150 cases have been reported in the literature. We present here a case of 27 year old male having giant cystic hygroma in neck with extension into mediastinum
Children suffering from epilepsy have been found to be strikingly susceptible to psychiatric disorders and almost all forms of such abnormalities have been reported in them. Except for a few, most studies on epilepsy concern adults. Nearly half of the children from the subject group had at least some psychiatric disturbance. In comparison only one fourth of the children from the control group displayed any psychiatric disturbance. The most common psychiatric problem in the epileptic child was conduct disorder followed by a lowered intelligence, whereas in the non epileptic child anxiety and conduct disorder was common. Various factors were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology, these were either contributory to the epilepsy or were consequent to the epileptic state along with its biological, psychological and social ramifications. Thus, psycho-pathology reflected a complex interaction of seizures, socio-demographic factors and treatment related variables, in accord with studies. Clinicians should be sensitive in identifying psychopathology since this may lead to effective interventions for this group of children.
Estimation of Age by Eruption of Permanent Canine Tooth in Male Subjects ofSouth Karnataka, Population
Estimation of age from eruption of permanent canine tooth is an important parameter in Anthropology, Medicolegal cases, Judicians and Biology. The present study consists of 150 male subjects among the various schools of Davangere in South Karnataka. The age groups were 08-12 years. The aim of the study is to estimate the range of age from recent eruption of permanent canine tooth by their traits in right and left upper and lower quadrants and to compare the observation of various research studies who studied the eruption of permanent canine tooth in the past. Statistical analysis like range of age, mean and standard deviation were calculated. The present study revealed that the permanent canine tooth in the lower jaw eruption earlier than the upper jaw which was not highly significant (p value-0.62) in all the age groups between 08-12 years of age and erupted permanent canine tooth in the age group of 11 years was significant. No significant asymmetry in permanent teeth emergence time has been found between right and left sides of either jaw and it was found to erupt from eleventh to twelfth year of age.
Respiratory disease continues to be an important cause of hospitalization in infancy and preschool children. It occupies the second place in hospital admission disorders. Hypoxemia is the most serious manifestation of severe respiratory illness in children and strong risk factors for mortality. The case fatality rate is inversely proportional to the oxygen saturation of arterial blood. Most clinical rely on clinical signs to identify hypoxemia. Reliance on single clinical signs may not be optimal. Current World Health Organization guidelines recommend the use of oxygen in children with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI) based on availability and clinical signs such as cyanosis or inability to feed. But cyanosis being late sign and its assessment in dark skinned is difficult
Clinical and Radiological Profile with Trigeminal Neuralgia
The clinical description of severe facial pain, which is now known as trigeminal neuralgia. The tic refers mainly to the visible effects of the brief and paroxysmal pain that in classic trigeminal neuralgia lasts only a few seconds. The pain is reported as one of the most excruciating pain syndromes. It has been known to drive patients with trigeminal neuralgia to the brink of suicide. The pain is severe that it often causes the patient to wince or make an aversive head movement as if trying to escape the pain thus producing an obvious movement or tic. The study was conducted in 31 patients. All these patients were chosen from both inpatient as well as outpatient department. A detailed history of illness followed by clinical examination and investigations as detailed was done in all these patients. Pain was characteristically paroxysmal in all our patients, but in 12.9% patients pain was paroxysmal to begin with, but later became continuous. Mean duration of illness in these patients was 5.7 years. Age, sex and quality of pain did not show correlation with MRI and electrophysiological studies.
Living with epilepsy generally involves more than adjustment to the intermittent episodes, long term drug therapy and medical supervisions. Those suffering from epilepsy also have to learn to cope with the immense hurt, due to social apathy, neglect, and the aversion stemming from revulsion. Many of those who have written of the psychosocial problems associated with epilepsy have confidently asserted that these are almost always caused by public discrimination arising out of the perception of epilepsy as stigmatising. The temperament variables of approach withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, mood and persistence, did not show much correlation to the psychopathology noted in the study population.